Cognitive development

Introduction Understanding the peculiarities of the children’s perception and interpretation of facts, collecting information and acquiring knowledge is important for guiding them in their cognitive development. In 1920s the Swiss biologist Jean Piaget was the first theoretician who pointed at the differences between amount and structure of knowledge in children and adults. The purpose of this project is to examine Piaget’s concepts by applying them in practice, collecting and interpreting data from an empirical research.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cognitive development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Focusing on the peculiarities of the child’s knowledge and the processes of acquiring it, Piaget observed everyday actions of children and infants and offered them various problem-solving situations for examining the reasoning patterns they were using. Deriving numerous concepts a nd principles from his findings, the researcher concluded that children are active learners who constantly conduct experiments and manipulate the objects from the surrounding word for observing the results of their experiments. Children not only absorb knowledge, but also try to organize it for explaining new phenomena with available knowledge in future. â€Å"Children think in qualitatively different ways at different age levels† (McDevitt and Ormrod, 2010, p. 143). Linking cognitive development with children’s biological development, Piaget used the idea of a staircase for his theory of cognitive development, claiming that each step in physiological development represents the improved cognitive ability. Piaget’s model of cognitive development includes four main periods, including a sensorimotor (0-2 years), pre-operational (2-7 years), concrete operational (7-12 years) and formal operational (older than 12 years) stages (Oakley, 2004, p. 16). The empirical res earch would be valuable for evaluating Piaget’s main concepts and exploring the ways for implementing them in professional practice. Method A five-year-old Jessica and a thirteen-year-old Miranda gave their consent for participating in the study by signing the consent forms. A large discrepancy in the participants’ age enhances the effectiveness of the experiment, clearly representing the differences in their reasoning modes and corresponding differences in their cognitive development. Jessica and Miranda were offered to sort sixteen pictures of animals, including a tiger, a frog, a spider, a parrot, a whale, a snake, an octopus, a goldfish, a crocodile, a newt, a butterfly, a ladybird, a scorpion, a snail, an owl, and a shark, into different subgroups, explain what their reasoning for sorting the pictures in this or that way was and sort them again, using other principles.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both girls had enough time for thinking their decisions over and doing the assignment. The experiments were conducted in a comfortable atmosphere in a place free from distractions which allowed establishing interpersonal contact with both participants and enabled Jessica and Miranda to express their opinions freely. The level of the participants’ cognitive ability was taken into consideration for formulating their task and the questions for discussing the reasoning mode they have used for sorting the pictures. â€Å"As a learning expectation, each product needs to be clearly described in some detail so that there is no misunderstanding about what students are required to do† (Macmillan, 2011, p. 227). Still, the formulation of the assignment for Jessica was exempt of any hints as to how the animals could be sorted. During the discussion of their choices, the answers to the participants’ reasoning were neutral and did not express any attitude or opinion as to the way in which the assignment was done. The choice of methods, formulation of the task and the overall atmosphere of the experiment were favorable for retrieving reliable data on the differences in Jessica and Miranda’s cognitive ability and examining Piaget’s concepts. Results The results of the empirical research have demonstrated significant differences in quantity and quality of knowledge in Jessica and Miranda. Jessica used the criteria of personal attitude to the animals for sorting the pictures into two large subgroups. Thus, explaining her reasoning for classifying the objects, the girl admitted that the animals in the first subgroup she liked, while the animals in the second subgroup she disliked. It should be noted that Jessica’s personal negative attitude depended upon dangerousness of a certain animal (a snake, a shark, a crocodile, a scorpion) and its appearance (a butterfly is pleasant-looking, while a sn ail is not). When Jessica was asked if she can create new groups of the same animals, the girl was confused and answered that she could not do it.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cognitive development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Miranda, the second participant of the study first sorted the pictures into subgroups, labeling them as mammals, reptiles, fish, birds and insects. When the girl was offered to do the same assignment using other criteria for classification, she easily provided several variants for this problem-solving situation. Thus, Miranda suggested the possible subgroups of warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals, animals with body hair and without it, animals breathing with lungs and animals breathing with gills. In general, the girl has demonstrated not only her knowledge of peculiar features of representatives of the animal world, but also her ability to provide arguments for supportin g her position. Doing the same assignment of classifying the pictures with animals, Jessica and Miranda have shown the differences in their knowledge and reasoning modes for solving the same problem. Discussion The findings of this empirical research revealed a wide gap in cognitive abilities of five- and thirteen-year-old participants. Piaget’s concepts can become a theoretical basis for explaining the differences in Jessica and Miranda’s reasoning modes used for explaining the classification criteria. According to Piaget’s classification of various cognitive stages, a five-year-old Jessica is at the preoperational stage. Eggan (2010) noted that â€Å"In the preoperational stage, perception dominates children’s thinking† (p. 38). In other words, at the age between two and seven, children are expected to confuse physical and psychological events and give preference to their perception rather than logic for explaining their reasoning. It explains Je ssica’s choice of personal attitude as the main criteria for classification of the animals. Complying with Piaget’s expectations from cognitive abilities of children of her age, she concentrated on her personal perception and did not use the logics for doing the assignment. Other characteristics of this period include egocentrism, lack of conservation, single classification and transductive reasoning (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010, p. 148). In other words, at the age between two and seven, at the preoperational stage of their development, children may have certain fallacies in their reasoning. The lack of conservation can make these children believe that the volume of liquid can change if it is poured from one contained to another. The transdunctive reasoning implies involvement of irrelevant arguments into explanations.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analyzing the results of the experiment, it can be stated that doing the assignment, Jessica demonstrated particular cognitive features, namely dominance of perception over logics and single classification at a given period of time which are characteristic of the preoperational stage. Piaget’s concepts are applicable for explaining Jessica’s reasoning mode, choice of classification criteria and refusal of making another attempt to sort the pictures by implementing other criteria. As to the second participant of this study, a thirteen-year-old Miranda, she belongs to the subgroup of formal operations. Coon and Mitterer (2010) noted that â€Å"Full adult intellectual ability is attained during the stage of formal operations†¦but not everyone reaches this level of thinking† (p. 99). At this stage the thinking processes become integrated through acquisition and systematization of new knowledge. Adolescents do not concentrate on their personal perception, feelin gs and emotions for their reasoning and are able to operate abstract notions in their thinking processes. Understanding that other people may not share their views, they can distinguish between manifestation of facts and expression of their personal opinion. Adolescents recognize that they can be mistaken and often require confirmation of their ideas. â€Å"Reasoning logically, formulating and testing hypotheses, and separating and controlling variables – together allow adolescents to use a scientific method† (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010, p. 153). In general, thinking processes in most adolescents at the stage of formal operations are similar to those in adults though their cognitive abilities still depend upon their personal development. The assignment of sorting the pictures with animals might seem to be primitive to Miranda, but the sophisticated reasoning and criteria she used for classification of objects demonstrated the level of her cognitive development correspondin g to Piaget’ stage of formal operations. Offering different versions of sorting the animals, including those of their anatomic peculiarities, the girl used the system of her knowledge on Zoology and her ability to implement her knowledge in a new unfamiliar situation. The findings of this study have proven the applicability of Piaget’s concepts and cognitive development stages to the realities of modern teaching-learning process. The results which were achieved by Jessica and Miranda in doing the assignment of sorting the pictures with animals complied with Piaget’s expectations as to the cognitive abilities at the preoperational and formal operations stages. Limitations of the study Disregarding the fact that measures were imposed for avoiding any distraction in communicating with the participants of the study and enhancing the effectiveness of the experiment, this study has certain limitations, including the small sample for the experiment and the type of assi gnment. The level of the participant’s personal cognitive development which could be different in their peers is an influential factor which should be taken into consideration for evaluating the findings. The peculiarities of the assignment in their turn precondition specific responses in the participants, while another task could reveal other peculiarities or not reveal any at all. Implications Knowledge of peculiarities of children’s thinking processes is necessary for proper organization of educational environment. Understanding how children of different ages perceive, interpret and systematize new information, parents and educators would be able to select the most appropriate assignments for guiding children and adolescents in their cognitive development for improving their achievements. â€Å"The constructivist teacher, by offering appropriate tasks and opportunities for dialogue, guides the focus of students’ attention, thus unobtrusively directing their learning† (Clements, D. Battista, 1990, p. 35). Acknowledging the active participation of students in the learning process at different stages of their cognitive development would allow choosing the right direction for the teaching efforts. Conclusion The findings of this empirical study have proven the correspondence between Piaget’s concepts and the cognitive abilities at the preoperational and formal operations stages. Collecting data from the experiment and through a theoretical review of literature, this paper demonstrates the application of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development in practice. Reference List Clements, D. Battista (1990). Constructivist learning and teaching. Arithmetic Teacher, 38(1): 34-35. Coon, D. Mitterer, J. (2010). Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Eggan P. Kauchak D. (2010). Educational psychology: Windows on classrooms (8th. Ed.). International Edition. New Jersey: Pearson McDevitt, T., Ormrod, J. E. (2010). Child development and education. (4th ed.) New Jersey: Pearson McMillan, J. H. (2011). Classroom Assessment: Principles and practice for effective standards-based instruction (5th Ed.). Boston: Pearson Oakley, L. (2004). Cognitive development. New York, NY: Routledge. This research paper on Cognitive development was written and submitted by user Emery Yang to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Cognitive Development Table of Contents Introduction Cognitive development Psychosocial development Psychotherapies Conclusion References Introduction `Cognitive development refers to the growth in mental understanding, interpretation and perception of things and the world in general. It entails the growth of various intellectual activities including thinking, reasoning and attentiveness. It is noted that, many approaches on cognitive advancement concentrate on mental development, as opposed to, other cognitive development processes.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Cognitive Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cognitive development Competence assessment is one of the approaches given to cognitive development of middle childhood. Competence assessment entails how people understand and interpret different aspects of life (Elliot Dweck, 2005). It is noted that, children at middle age can always make a judgment on their soc ial and physical competence. This is indicated by a fellow who at his middle age could compare his strength with his other friend and determine the strongest. Considering the fact that perception changes with age increase, middle aged also have their different perceptions of life. Their perception is mostly influenced by the knowledge and skills they obtain in schools. Perception of these middle aged vary from one individual to another as noted by teacher’s evaluation of their performances. This was experienced by a student who was perceived to have known everything by his other fellows since he was excellent at class work. Perception is reflected on the student results with respect to teacher’s ratings. Middle aged children also tend to concentrate on one object and forget the others. Their attentions are easily influenced and they fully concentrate on entertaining object or event while ignoring others. Psychosocial development Psychosocial progression at middle child hood engages children ranging from five to twelve years. At this age, children develop admirable peer interactions and compete favorably among themselves. Their social world expands as they develop new friend and creating new relationships. An indication of pride is noted as they brag about their achievements and ability to perform different tasks uniquely (Cherry, 2010). For example, a fellow at his childhood believed that he was always right since he was brilliant at class work. A child develops a high self esteem after discovering his unique ability and skills. This can be observed in the manner they interact in their social life i.e. cheerful interaction with tremendous psychosocial engagement. On the other hand, children who doubt their aptitude tend to develop low self esteem characterized by gloomy mood and a discouraging psychosocial engagement. At middle childhood, children are extensively influenced by comments and opinions made by their parents, peers and teachers. The co mments directly manipulate a child’s confidence and certainty of his/her ability or skill. Encouraging remarks on children build confidence on a child’s ability and skills consequently improving their self esteem (Cherry, 2010).Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the contrary, negative and discouraging comments by teachers, peers and parents create doubt in a child’s ability or belief of being victorious. Such a child develops low self esteem and constantly maintaining a gloomy mood. This was noted to a fellow who used to approach examination believing that he was going to fail. This was because of frequent past failures that made his parents’ negative comment on his scores. Psychotherapies Varieties of psychotherapy treatment are offered to children to assist in modifying their character and uphold family understanding in the long run (AACAP, 2008) . Psychotherapy treatment helps in developing exceptional relationship between parent and children thereby strengthening their family bond. Some of the psychotherapy treatments include cognitive behavior therapy, psychodynamic therapy, family therapy, play therapy and group therapy. As a psychotherapy treatment, cognitive behavior therapy modifies a child’s behavior, mood and nervousness. It is done by investigating a child’s pattern of distorted thoughts. A specialist on cognitive behavior therapy educates a child on how their moods and behavior are influenced by their thoughts (AACAP, 2008). Subsequently, a child develops a skill of recognizing these hazardous thoughts. The specialist also helps the child to substitute these harmful thoughts with constructive and positive thoughts. It is renowned that cognitive therapy test has helped in treating various types of disorders anxiety being one of them. A friend’s confirmed of psychotherapeutic help in alleviating her selfish behavior of forcefully snatching other children’s food, toys and never shared his possessions with others. The next psychotherapy cure is play therapy, a treatment that entails the understanding of how children play with toys, drawings and dolls. At children’s play time, a therapist notes some of the feelings and expressions of a child and uses them to perform the therapy (AACAP, 2008). It is essential to note that observations are done on how a child plays with the toys for better understanding of the child’s problem. Afterwards, the therapist educates a child how to handle their problems and during play time. This was reflected by a fellow who used to smack his colleagues using toy but fortunately, a therapist rescued him from his intolerable behavior. Also, psychodynamic psychotherapy can be employed in correcting a child’s feelings and thoughts. It entails the recognition of the factors that influence a child’s feeling and thoughts . This helps the therapist to understand the reasons (inner struggles) as to why a child is behaving in a certain manner. Consequently, the child is subjected to different weekly session of psychoanalysis.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Cognitive Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Cognitive development applies to every individual and keeps on varying with an increase in age. Individuals experience changes in life perceptions, understanding and interpretations. However, some children perceive and understand life in a negatively thus making them portray unpleasant and discouraging behaviors. Fortunately, these obnoxious behaviors can be corrected by employing different psychotherapies that eventually improves a child’s perception and behavior. References American academy of child and adolescent psychiatry (AACAP). (2008). Psychotherapies for children and adolescents. Washington: Ameri can academy of child and adolescent psychiatry. Web. Cherry, K. (2010), Stages of psychosocial development. About.com: psychology. Web. Elliot, J. Dweck, S. (2005). Handbook of competence and motivation. New York: Guilford press. This report on Cognitive Development was written and submitted by user Danica Doyle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Cognitive Development

Impact of Globalization in Africa Essay Example

Impact of Globalization in Africa Essay Example Impact of Globalization in Africa Essay Impact of Globalization in Africa Essay Globalization is the planetary interconnection of economic activities. It is characterized by new engineerings. new constructions. new economic systems and new civilizations. All these are structured around planetary fiscal flows that are based of computing machine simulations and guesss. The ensuing planetary economic system is really disruptive due to non-linear feedbacks and it is easy influenced by political events and influential analysts’ projections. These is seen when there is instability in the stock markets in certain states like the United States of America. The instability affects all other stock markets in the universe. But is globalisation planetary? The planetary economic system sees some countries as priceless and politically irrelevant and frequently such countries are excluded from this planetary economic system. The thought of globalisation was conceived by taking capitalist states. planetary fiscal establishments ( World Bank. International Monetary fund ( IMF ) and World Trade Organization ( WTO ) ) and multinational co-operations. The heads behind this thought of globalisation thought that this was one manner of bettering the supports everybody in the Earth but as we shall see subsequently on. the theoretical accounts used to come up with globalisation had major cringle holes. Global information communications and new engineerings have played a large function easing globalisation. This is through the computing machines. Internet and nomadic phones. This has made concern minutess easy such that by the chink of a button. a batch of money circulates around the Earth. New inventions have resulted in increased productiveness and competition. These technological progresss have lowered the costs of conveyance and communicating. Computers have made it possible to manage big sums of informations in a short clip and information storage and retrieval has been made really easy. On a positive note. the new engineerings have in one manner or another helped in growing of economic sciences through sharing of thoughts. On the other manus. these progresss in engineering have led to homogenisation of civilizations. Globalization has increased the net incomes and productiveness of transnational corporations. With free trade regulations. some few people. the planetary elite has become richer and others who are the bulk have become poorer. The free trade regulations has enabled transnational companies invest their money in emerging economic systems and taking their money once they speculate that that economic system is non making good. This has wrecked the economic systems of many states. Another issue is that this large multinationals have swallowed the little companies taking to losingss of occupations. Capra. 2002. in his book hidden connections’ says that most of these multi national companies ever try to hedge revenue enhancements and benefit from subsidies. As a consequence. their merchandises are inexpensive and this outcompetes the local companies. which can ensue in more occupation losingss. But on the other manus. globalisation can go a whipping boy for failed national policies. Embezzlement and misdirection of public resources and corruptness profoundly rooted in some states should non be blamed on globalisation. In any instance. a authorities should be able to supply the demands of its people. Harmonizing to the 2002 study on the international forum on globalisation. the free trade regulations set by the World trade organisation consolidate power to a little corporate elite. Globalization has erased political and economic boundaries such that power has shifted from the people and communities to fiscal speculators. planetary corporations and taking capitalist states. As a consequence. currency markets have made authoritiess unable to command their economic policies because it is this markets that determine the values of national currency. Harmonizing to Capra 2002. big economic systems are able to absorb these turbulencies but for developing states. this is a large job. This fiscal crisis has led to developing states to seek for assistance and as a conseque nce. they have sunk to endless debts. It is of import to observe that assistance is fundamentally a tool for pull stringsing developing states. It is of import to observe that in globalisation. capital is planetary while labor is local. This means that the globalized capital has the economic power go forthing labor disintegrated. Labor itself can be divided into professionals and unskilled workers. Globalization seems to favor the professional labourers while the unskilled labourers can be fired anytime. This has led to societal inequality and polarisation. Many occupations presents are on contract footing and organizing labour organisations to dicker for better working conditions is non easy because of fright of fring occupations. Peoples working in transnational companies runing in their states fear bargaining for better footings of employment because they fear fring occupations as the company can travel to another state. As a consequence. people have to set up with hapless working conditions and rewards. Increased trade as a consequence of free trade by the World Trade organisation has led to increased pollution of the environments. Trade has besides resulted to debut of invasive foreigner species to new environments. From the ecological position. trade. which has increased in the recent yesteryear. is the major path in which invasive foreigner species are introduced to new environments. Harmonizing to the Convention for Biodiversity. invasive foreign species are the major causes for the loss of biodiversity. The environmental impacts are to a great extent felt in the states in the South. The free market thought by the World Trade Organization has resulted in changeless hunt for entree to natural resources. and this has led to so much force per unit area on the Earth’s limited natural resources. Another spot is the devastation of the environment. which has led to inundations. drouths and other calamities. Increased transportation has lead to pollution of waterways. Globalization has besides favored monoculture to heighten a nation’s fight in the planetary market. This has put more force per unit area on the limited natural resources and usage of chemicals to heighten production. which farther exacerbates the job of pollution. Globalization has besides penetrated into power and political relations. Most of these transnational companies and anteroom groups usually finance political campaigners in states of involvement so that if the individual gets into power. he/ she may make favourable conditions for their activities. So in a manner. these companies and anteroom groups control a country’s economic system. Rise of globalized condemnable packs is another job that stems out of globalisation. Boosted by easy communicating webs. felons have found it easy to carry on their concerns. Recently. a drug trust affecting Mexicans. Kenyans and the Dutch was uncovered and this is a authoritative illustration of condemnable packs runing on a planetary graduated table. WAY OUT. With Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) imperativeness release of 2010 gauging that 925 million around the Earth are undernourished. something must be incorrect someplace. As already noted. globalisation is to fault societal inequalities which can be seen from the widening spread between the rich and the hapless. Borrowing from rubric of the first one-year World Social Forum held in Porto Alegre in Brazil. another universe is possible. First. alteration should first get down with the governing elite. With the aid of international nongovernmental organisations there should be a power transmutation from the planetary elite to the human society. These planetary elites together with World Bank. IMF and World Trade Organization should be more crystalline in decision-making. In is besides really of import to include assorted non-governmental organisations stand foring involvements of societal justness. human rights environmental involvements and democracy in the decisionmaking processes. Most of the states affected by globalisation are developing states and most of these states have really immense debts. It seems impossible for these developing states to set tight regulations on international organisations in order to protect the local companies. But with the aid on anteroom groups. it is possible for authorities to take subsidies and freedoms offered to these transnational corporations. These transnational corporations should besides be held responsible for any error like devastation of the environment. Cancellation of debts will assist developing states grow economically but these states excessively should hold leaders who are accountable to the citizens. On that note. corruptness and lobbying should be dealt with at every degree. This is to guarantee just competition of concern trades. It is of import to authorise workers so that they can dicker for better working conditions. National authoritiess can besides protect their people by specifying working conditions to investors puting up endeavors in the state. Finally. it is of import we pattern ecological sustainability. Proper waste disposal. usage of alternate fuel beginnings ( scientifically proven to be sustainable ) . efficient and ecofriendly engineerings. sustainable agriculture patterns and rigorous environmental patterns are some of the ways of doing the universe sustainable. The most of import portion of sustainability is educating everybody on the importance of conserving the environment so it’s of import to take environmental motions deep down to the grass roots. Remember. it starts with me and you and the future coevalss will be thanking all of us. Mentions A better universe is possible: Options to Economic globalisation Report sum-up 2002 International forum on Globalization. Capra fritjof. 2002. The concealed connexions Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations: Economic and Social Development study. September 2010 hypertext transfer protocol: //anticap. wordpress. com/2011/03/14/what-globalization-paradox/ ( Website I downloaded the cover image ) .