Rain Water Harvesting free essay sample

Water HARVESTING Other Information In the current situation the board and circulation of water has gotten brought together. Individuals rely upon government framework, which has brought about interruption of network cooperation in water the board and breakdown of conventional water collecting framework. As the water emergency keeps on getting serious, there is a desperate need of change in water the executives framework and recovery of conventional frameworks. Logical and mechanical examinations should be done to evaluate present status to propose reasonable mitigative measures for the recovery to customary framework/knowledge. Recovery procedure ought to essentially be supported by people groups activity and dynamic open cooperation. Living animals of the universe are made of five essential components, viz. , Earth, Water, Fire, Air and Sky, Obviously, water is one of the most significant components and no animal can make due without it. In spite of having an extraordinary respect for water, we appear to have neglected to address this segment genuinely. Person couldn't spare and ration water and it sources, most likely as a result of its accessibility in bounty. In any case, this unreliable mentality brought about disintegration of water bodies as for amount and quality both. Presently, circumstance has shown up when even a solitary drop of water matters. Be that as it may. preferable late over never, we have not understood the earnestness of this issue and started endeavors to defeat those issues. Arrangement of assortment water and monitoring for future needs has customarily been drilled in India. The customary frameworks were reliable intelligence of proper innovation of Rainwater Harvesting, yet additionally water the board frameworks, where protection of water was the prime concern. Customary water reaping frameworks were Bawaries, step wells, Jhiries, lakes, tanks and so on. These were the ater stockpiling bodies to local and water system requests. Individuals were themselves liable for support to water sources and ideal utilization of water that could What is Rainwater collecting? The term water collecting is in effect oftentimes utilized nowadays, in any case, the idea of water reaping isn't new for India. Water collecting strategies had been advanced and created hundreds of years back. Ground water asset gets normally energized through permeation. Be that as it may, because of aimless turn of events and fast urbainzation, uncovered surface for soil has been diminished definitely with resultant decrease in permeation of water, consequently epleting ground water asset. Water collecting is the way toward enlarging the characteristic filtration of water in to the underground arrangement by some counterfeit strategies. Cognizant assortment and capacity of water to take into account requests of water, for drinking, household reason water system is named as Rainwater Harvesting. Why gather water ? This is maybe one of the most every now and again posed inquiry, with respect to why one should collect water. There are numerous reasons however following are a portion of the significant ones. To capture ground water decrease and expand ground water table To beneficiate ater quality in springs To save surface water spillover during storm To diminish soil disintegration To teach a culture of water preservation How to gather water: Broadly there are two different ways of collecting water: Surface overflow reaping Surface spillover collecting: In urban territory water streams away as surface spillover. This spillover could be gotten and utilized for energizing springs by receiving proper strategies. Rooftop top water collecting (RTRWH): It is an arrangement of getting water where it falls. In housetop reaping, the rooftop turns into the catchments, and the water is gathered from the top of the house/uilding. It can either be put away in a tank or occupied to counterfeit energize framework. This strategy is more affordable and viable and whenever executed appropriately helps in expanding the ground water level of the zone. Parts of the rooftop top water collecting framework The illustrative structure of the essential segments of rooftop top water reaping framework is given in the accompanying normal schematic chart/The framework chiefly establishes of following sub segments: 5 Catchment Transportation First flush Filter The surface that gets precipitation straightforwardly is the catchment of water gathering ystem. It might be porch, patio, or cleared or unpaved open ground. The porch might be level RCC/stone rooftop or slanting rooftop. Accordingly the catchment is the territory, which really contributes water to the gathering framework. torage/gathering framework. Water funnels ought to be UV safe (ISI HDPE/PVC pipes) of required limit. Water from inclining rooftops could be gotten through drains and down take pipe. At patios, mouth of the each channel ought to have wire work to confine gliding material. First Flush First flush is a gadget used to flush off the water got in first shower. The first ho wer of downpours should be flushed-off to abstain from sullying storable/battery-powered water by the plausible contaminants of the climate and the catchment rooftop. It will likewise help in cleaning of residue and other material kept on rooftop during dry seasons Provisions of first downpour separator ought to be made at outlet of every drainpipe. There is in every case some suspicion with respect to Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting since questions are raised that water may sully groundwater. There is distant chance of this dread working out as expected if legitimate channel system isn't embraced. Besides all consideration must be taken to see that underground sewer channels are not unctured and no spillage is occurring in close region. Channels are utilized fro treatment of water to successfully evacuate turbidity, shading and microorganisms. After first flushing of precipitation, water should go through channels. There are various sorts of channels by and by, however essential capacity is to clean water. Sand Gravel Filter These are generally utilized channels, developed by block brick work and fileted by rocks, rock, and sand as appeared in the fgure. Each layer ought to be isolated by wire work. Charcoal Filter as appeared in the fgure should fill the drum or chamber. Each layer ought to be eparated by wire work. Slight layer of charcoal is utilized to retain scent assuming any. PVC-Pipe channel This channel can be made by PVC funnel of 1 to 1. 20 m length; Diameter of channel relies upon the territory of rooftop. Six inches dia. pipe is sufficient for a 1500 Sq. Ft. rooftop and 8 inches dia. funnel ought to be utilized for rooftops all the more then 1500 Sq. Ft. Channel is partitioned into three compartments by wire work. Every part ought to be loaded up with rock and sand on the other hand as appeared in the fgure. A layer of charcoal could likewise be embedded between two layers. The two finishes of channel ought to have decrease of expected size to associate delta and outlet. This channel could be set on a level plane or vertically in the framework. Wipe Filter It is a basic channel produced using PVC drum having a layer of wipe in drum. It is the simplest and least expensive structure channel, appropriate for private units. Techniques for Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting Storage of Direct use stockpiling tank. The capacity tank must be structured by the water prerequisites, precipitation and catchment accessibility. Every drainpipe ought to have work channel at mouth and first flush gadget followed by filtration framework before interfacing with the capacity tank. It is prudent that each tank ought to have overabundance water over stream Excess water could be occupied to energize framework. Water from capacity tank can be utilized for optional purposes, for example, washing and planting and so on. This is the most practical method of water reaping. The fundamental preferred position of gathering and utilizing the water during blustery season isn't just to spare water from ordinary sources, yet in addition to spare vitality brought about on transportation and appropriation of water at the doorstep. This additionally moderate groundwater, on the off chance that it is being extricated to satisfy the need when downpours are on. Reviving ground water springs Ground water springs can be energized by different sorts of structures to guarantee ercolation of water in the ground as opposed to emptying endlessly out of the surface. Regularly utilized energizing strategies are:- a) b) c) d) e) f) Recharging of bore wells Recharging of burrowed wells. Energize pits Recharge Trenches Soak ways or Recharge Shafts Percolation Tanks Rainwater gathered from housetop of the structure is redirected through drainpipes to settlement or filtration tank. After settlement separated water is occupied to exhaust wells to energize profound springs. Deserted bore wells can likewise be utilized for energize. Ideal limit of settlement tank/filtration tank can be structured based on rea of catchement, power of precipitation and energize rate as talked about in plan boundaries. While reviving, section of coasting matter and residue ought to be limited since it might stop up the energize structure. initial a couple of shower ought to be flushed out through downpour separator to stay away from tainting. This is significant, and all consideration ought to be taken to guarantee this has been finished. Revive Pits Recharge pits are little pits of any shape rectangular, square or roundabout, contracted with block or stone brick work divider with sob opening at customary spans. to of pit can be secured with punctured spreads. Base of pit ought to be loaded up with channel media. The limit of the pit can be planned based on catchment region, precipitation force and energize pace of soil. Normally the components of the pit might be of 1 to 2 m width and 2 to 3 m profound relying upon the profundity of pervious layers. These pits are reasonable for energizing of shallow springs, and little houses. Douse away or Recharge Shafts less pervious. These are drilled opening of 30 cm dia. up to 10 to 15 m profound, contingent upon profundity of pervious layer. Bore ought to be fixed with opened/punctured PVC/MS channel to forestall breakdown of the vertical sides. At the highest point of drench away required size ump is developed to hold overflow before the

Critical Paper Dulce Et Decorum Est Essay

Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum Est is a miserable sonnet of his involvement with the First World War. Owen relates his story as he and individual infantrymen walk Ëœknock-kneed, hacking like witches over the no man's land that is the fight front(line 2). The greater part of the emphasis is on the fatigue from fight, yet changes consideration when Ëœhoots of gas-shells downpour down on their position. Exhaustion rapidly goes to ËœAn joy of mishandling (line 9) as the fighters fit their gas veils, yet one trooper isn't sufficiently quick. Owen at that point relates his direct story and destruction of the footman chocking to death from mustard gas. The peruser is compelled to observe this awful demise and ask ourselves; ËœDulce et descorum est,/Pro patria mori (line 27-28). Lines 1-8 are utilized to depict a scene of war-torn men on a constrained walk over a no man's land. Such expressions as, Ëœold hobos, and Ëœcoughing like witches gives the peruser a thought of what condition that the infantrymen are in. Such expressions mean a negative picture as to relate the infantrymen as transients in poor state of being. With the individuals who Ëœlost their boots presently get themselves Ëœblood-shod, as opposed to being unshod. The word shod is an early English expression for shoeing a pony, again negative implication of the infantrymen as sub-individuals. Lines 5 and 7 offer profundity to the condition of dejection that general infantrymen are in. Owen picks the expression ËœDrunk with weakness to show the profundity of depletion the infantrymen are encountering. To be flushed, as to be inebriated with the supreme depletion; indicating weariness as some medication that overpowers the faculties and coordination. They don't offer belief to the truth they are in until a gas shell sends them into a Ëœecstasy of bumbling for a gas veil. Euphoria is utilized not to give the undertone of joy and bliss, but instead the glaring difference of free for all. Lines 9 and 11 end with Ëœfumbling and Ëœstumbling, individually, to give profundity the infantrymens condition of condition. Afterward, in lines 14 and 16, an affiliation is draw between the immersing gas and a man suffocating. Owen delineates a man in a green oc ean suffocating (line 14) to be later plunging at him (line 16); both giving the mention between being inundated in water or poisonous gas. Once more, in line 17, Owen asks the peruser to Ëœpace.. in some covering dream; a reoccurring subject of being denied of air. The subsequent refrain uses the most throaty implication of such words as to depict the body. From the Ëœgargling ¦froth-ruined lungs, to the Ëœvile, serious bruises, Owen needs to arouse the genuine mischievousness of war. The peruser is recounted how gas can Ëœcorrupt lungs and put Ëœsores on honest tongues. This difference is essential since it delineates how war can pollute what is generally heavenly. In saying that the cadavers face hung Ëœlike a demons tired of wrongdoing, gives one more reference among shrewdness and war, yet it has another significance. To infer the villain would be overpowered with such measure of fiendishness infers that one can't get a handle on the repulsions of war. The sonnet at that point closes with a kind of postulation explanation that to bite the dust for ones nation is neither right nor sweet. Dulce starts as a moderate walk of miserable fighters, to an enthusiast race for security, at that point a moderate, instinctive depiction of life being torqued away from man, restricted to the titles proposal for war mania and promulgation. However, the principle topic isn't to simply outline the residue of war yet to give the peruser reality of war. He makes the peruser place themselves on the forefront to look at death and despondency in the eye.

Five Foolproof Tips for Conquering the Common Application Essay - College Essay Advisors Admissions Essay Experts

Five Foolproof Tips for Conquering the Common Application Essay - College Essay Advisors Admissions Essay Experts Five Foolproof Tips for Conquering the Common Application Essay Five Foolproof Tips for Conquering the Common Application Essay The first time I successfully did a handstand in yoga class, it was unexpected and almost effortless. My legs kicked up, and then, as if being lifted by string, I was supporting my body with my arms. When we talk about strategies for tackling the college essay, I like to tell the story of my first handstand, or Shirshana as it’s called in Hindi. I ask my students whether or not they think that I kicked up into the pose on my first class, on my first try? The answer, of course, is no. I had been going to class three to four times a week, for years; the muscles in my body grew strong and conditioned over time. Five guiding principlesâ€"showing up to practice, embracing my passion, honoring the process, refining my practice, and believing I could do itâ€"allowed me to leap up into the air that day. Are you interested in conquering your college essays with confidence and grace? These same essential principles can also help guide you when it comes to writing your common application essays. Just follow these five, simple strategies and essay greatness can be yours: 1. Establish A Weekly Writing Schedule. In the same way that basketball players, yogis, and concert pianists alike practice many times a week to hone their craft, students need to find time every week to devote to their college essays. At CEA, we recommend working on your essays two-four times during the week and using the weekend as a time to dig more deeply into the material. If you have the good fortune of starting your essays over the summer (hurrah!), which we ALWAYS recommend, work on your essays for an hour every day, or as much as possible. During the fall semester, students often report that they only have time to work on their essays during the weekend because they are so busy with school. When students limit working on their essays to weekends alone, we find thatâ€"like a snail dragging itself down an endless pathâ€"the student’s writing progress is painfully slow and the quality of the writing is diminished. Your college essays are a very important determinant of where you attend college. Make writing your essays a priority, commit to working on them several times a week, and you’ll be well on your way to essay-writing success! 2. Essay Topic Is Everything. If you have a topic that you genuinely love, that speaks to who you are, and what makes you tick, your writing will showcase your enthusiasm, and shine. Let’s say, for example, that you are writing about cancer subpopulations, which you are currently studying in AP bio, or a recent volunteer experience, because these seem like topics that that make you sound serious and studious. Secretly, you think these topics are a major snoozefest. You’d much rather write about hip hop music, video game design, or contact juggling. Students, and parents helping students, please write about something you are genuinely passionate about, that you would love to talk about with a friend all day long. The writing process will go faster and the final product will be stronger and more energized. Most importantly, the admissions director will be thrilled to read an essay that is unlike the giant stack of serious, studious, and incredibly snooze-worthy essays sitting in fr ont of her. 3. Chunk It. Rome, as the saying goes, was not built in a day. Similarly, it would be almost impossible to write all of your essays in one or two sittings, and do a good job. To master handstand, I worked little by little. Exercises like downward dog and dolphin pose strengthened my bicep and shoulder muscles, preparing me for the pose. Similarly, at CEA we recommend breaking down the essay-writing process into a series of manageable steps. Here is an example of a sample schedule that I might give one of my students for tackling the Common Application Essay, which you could adapt and use for any essay: ASSIGNMENT #1. Due Monday: Choose essay topic/brainstorm ASSIGNMENT #2  Due Wednesday: Write first paragraph ASSIGNMENT #3  Due Saturday: Write second paragraph ASSIGNMENT #4  Due Tuesday: Write complete first draft ASSIGNMENT #5. Due Thursday: Write second draft ASSIGNMENT #6. Due Monday: Final draft due 4. Good Writers Revise, and Then Revise Some More. Writer Anne Lammot, in her excellent, humorous writing manual Bird by Bird, gives helpful advice on how to approach the drafting process: Start by getting somethingâ€"anythingâ€"down on paper. A friend of mine says that the first draft is the down draftâ€"you just get it down. The second draft is the up draftâ€"you fix it up. You try to say what you have to say more accurately. And the third draft is the dental, where you check every tooth, to  see if it’s loose or cramped or decayed, or even, God help us, healthy. Lammot gives us the writing/revising process in three stages: 1.) Down Draft: get your ideas, any ideas, down on paper. 2.) Up Draft: Revise your draft for content, structure, vocabulary and grammar.  3.) Dental Draft: Here is where you do very close, line-by-line editing, to make sure every word and every sentence is perfect. When you reach the Up Draft phase, this is a good time to have an adult with writing expertise (a teacher, tutor, counselor, or relative) read your essay over for any glaring issues that you might have missed. 5. “Ive gotta have faith” crooned the late singer George Michael in his debut solo album, which scored a Grammy for Album of the Year in 1989. It’s true that faith is the key to surviving the all-consuming, tumultuous college admissions process. If you have faith in the process, choose a topic that inspires you, stick to a schedule, and diligently revise, essay greatness can be yours. If you get behind, overwhelmed, or stuck, just take a break and return to work later on. Senior year is a uniquely stressful and hectic time for students and parents. In yoga class, when things get challenging, instructors always remind you to stay calm, flexible, and focused, and when all else fails, do what I did right after I tumbled right out of handstand and onto the floor: Just breathe. Curl up into child’s pose. Then get right back up. About Nina BaileyView all posts by Nina Bailey »

Animals Is Inhumane, Ineffective, And Unethical - 1291 Words

Imagine your pet at home- whether it is a cat, dog, rabbit, or even a rat- being purposely infected with a disease, blinded, or given poison to observe how long a poison takes to kill the animal. This is a daily occurrence in the world. At a minimum, 100 million animals die each year due to experimentation- including dogs, cats, monkeys, sheep, and a variety of other animals. Is animal experimentation necessary? Whether it is for military or medical research, or even cosmetic testing, activists argue that no reason exists as to why any living thing should be subjected to cruel experimentation for the benefit of human beings. Experimentation on animals is inhumane, ineffective, and unethical. Scientists who are â€Å"for† experimentation on†¦show more content†¦Once the drug was given to humans with heart problems, the death rate increased by 30%. The FDA has concluded over one half of newly approved drugs tested on animals had more serious side effects when given to h umans. An NIH clinical trial of fialuridine, a medication for Hepatitis B that was tested on animals, was terminated after it caused liver failure in seven out of ten people. Five of these people died and two required liver transplants after taking the drug. In 2003, a company by the name of Élan Pharmaceuticals had to terminate trials of an Alzheimer’s vaccine. The vaccine had cured â€Å"Alzheimer’s mice† but when given to humans, it led to brain inflammation. Another example includes Vioxx, an arthritis drug tested on animals, which was reported to have caused an estimated 140,000 heart attacks and strokes before being terminated. Not only has animal experimentation harmed human lives, but also potentially caused us to ignore real cures. Drugs that fail in animal testing are discarded of. When drugs are disposed of it could cause us to potentially ignore real cures. For instance, the drug Aspirin. Aspirin is one of our most relied upon pain relievers. Whe n given to mice, rats, dogs, cats, rabbits or monkeys: Aspirin causes teratogenic malformations. If scientists would have tested the drug Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) on animals, they most likely would have disposed of it due to the fetus deformities caused by it and we would not have Advil.

Discrimination Towards Disabled Individuals Is Prevalent...

Discrimination towards disabled individuals is prevalent society today. In this paper I will be discussing various forms of representation of disability in the media. I did my research on the examples by locating an organization known as Stop Ableism, which gave links and sources to various tokenistic and ablist representations in the media. I made the decisions on which section the examples would go into first by deciding if they were ablist and tokenistic or not, then figuring out how severe the discrimination toward the disabled people the examples were. If they were ablist and tokenistic, but with an attempt at being respectful to the disabled community, then I would categorize that as The Bad. If the example was very tokenistic or discriminatory toward disabled people without regard towards the feelings or rights a disabled individual, then I would categorize the example in The Ugly section. The Good Demonstrating equality through being non-ablist and non-tokenistic is how I classified examples into The Good section. My first example of a good representation of disability in the media is an organization in Guelph, Ontario that has been working on a goal of stopping ableism in the city of Guelph. This organization, known as Stop Ableism, works by helping businesses around the city to be more wheelchair accessible so that those in wheelchairs can be free to access any buildings or stores without any issues with entering, and therefore can be equal to able-bodied people.Show MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay : Mental Illness Stigma1439 Words   |  6 Pageslooks, and interests, each individual creates a unique addition to our own developed society. Tolerance towards indifferences to the percent of population containing a mental illness needs to be expanded. Society needs to expose the reality of the multiplicity of individuals. 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Case Analysis-Strategic It Transformation at Accenture Free Essays

Case analysis-Strategic IT Transformation at Accenture Accenture was separated from its parent company and rebranded as a new organization. They face a challenge of building a new IT infrastructure to support their business. Because the new Accenture’s organization structure is different from the Anderson Consulting, the Anderson’s IT is deficient in several ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis-Strategic It Transformation at Accenture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Based on the deficient aspects I have some own recommendations and then I will analyse what Accenture did to deal with the situation. First of all, the Anderson’s IT system did not interconnect readily each other. I suggest that in Accenture, they can build up a standard rules, and all the offices should follow such rules and use the standard information system to communicate each other. As we learned before, standardization is very important for an organization. It’s a good way to improve the efficiency of internal communication. Also, a standard information system is easy to manage the relationship with customers or partners. It can enhance the relationship and improve the customers’ satisfaction. The second and third problem also can be solved by standardization. So choose a right platform to standardize data and exchange process is crucial for Accenture. As a new brand, Accenture should consider their strategic context carefully before they making the decision. And clarify the enterprise’s view of IT infrastructure. In this case they realized that they should run IT not a cost center but as a business within business. When they face three different types of platforms, they choose the single-vendor approach to minimize the cost of IT. Also they choose Microsoft and HP as their software and hardware suppliers. It’s a brilliant decision because these two companies have great reputation in such industry. It’s a valuable and stable relationship for Accenture to cooperate with Microsoft and HP. It can improve the efficiency both in software and hardware aspects. In the case, I notice that the Anderson’s information system is too complex and it cost too much on storage data. So it’s inefficient in data exchange and communication. Accenture should try to simplify the process and try to control the cost. Choosing the single-vendor approach can save the cost of IT. Also, they outsource their data storage service. To do so, I have some recommendations for Accenture to improve the information system management. They should put more attention on the relationship management between Accenture and outsourcing companies to make sure the efficient communication between each other. In the information era, the communication is very important. They can provide their partners the part of Accenture IT platform , to they can communicate internally. onsidering Accenture as a B2B company, I suggest that focus on converting conventional interactions to IT-enable data exchange to make sure their clients can get the data timely and accurately. The globalization and becoming a public company is a new challenge for Accenture. Globalization is a great advantage of outsourcing, Accenture can outsource some service to low labor cost countries. It can reduce the IT cost. As I said before, how to manage the relationship between different suppliers and outsourcing companies is important for Accenture. In the case, it mentioned the (1) standard platform, (2) a single global â€Å"instance† of that platform. It tally well with my analysis before. In sum, Accenture has a successful IT transformation, and for its further growth I have given several suggestions according to the articles this week. How to cite Case Analysis-Strategic It Transformation at Accenture, Papers

Overpopulation in China Essay Example For Students

Overpopulation in China Essay Overpopulation in China Essay China and overpopulation are two words that have become synonymous over the years. Overpopulation in China has become a global issue as China is the most populous country in the world and its contribution to the international community is extremely significant. However it doesnt necessarily mean that a country with a high population is an overpopulated country. To clarify the meaning of overpopulation, here is a little description. Overpopulation in a country occurs when the number of people in an area is far greater than the countrys available resources (China Studies). The Peoples Republic of China has had this problem for many years and still the government hasnt come up with an effective solution. The Chinese government has to quickly alter its old population controlling policies because it is disturbing the countrys social and economic life, and if it continues, China could face a huge crisis in the future. Chinas population started to increase dramatically after World War II. In 1949, Mao encouraged Chinese families to have as many children as possible. This is because the government thought the population increase would bring money to the country and help China produce more food, build a better army, develop water control, and establish communication systems (Chinese Population). For the next ten years Chinas population increased in millions every year. In 1949 the population was around 118 million, which increased to 540 million in 1960s. In 1970 the population increased again by 290 million, making it a massive increase of 712 million in just 20 years (Issue of Overpopulation). The population increase largely depends on the fertility of a country. In the past 30 years Chinas fertility trend changed many times, making a great impact on the population increase. The fertility trend changed from about six children per woman to two children per woman. This was a result of policies introduced by the government under unfavorable social, economic, and demographic conditions (The Overpopulation Issue). China also joined some of the western countries like U.S.A into promoting this program. Now lets look at the fertility trends introduced in China since 1949 (Chinese Economics). Chinas fertility transition can be distributed into six main steps. The first step was called the Initial High Fertility period, which took place from 1949 to 1957. In this period Chinas fertility was high and the death rate declined making a total fertility of 6.0 children per woman. The next period, also known as Great Leap Forward, occurred from 1958 to 1961. This period consisted of policy errors by the government and the fertility decreased from 6.0 to 3.3 making an increase in death rate. The period of Post-Famine Recovery happened from 1962 to 1979. (China) This was the period in which China reached its peak and the fertility increased from 3.3 to 7.4. The fourth period of Rapid Fertility Decline occurred from 1971 to 1979 and in this period the fertility decreased from 7.4 to 2. 8. From 1980 to 1989, it was the Stagnation period, the one-child policy was introduced and the fertility decreased to 2.5. The last fertility period or Below-Replacement Fertility period which started in 1990 saw the fertility drop to 2.1 children per woman. We can infer from these statistics that although Chinas birth rate kept increasing and decreasing the population continued to grow steadily (China). Population distribution of China is very unique in its style; if we look at it closely then we can figure out which areas of the country are contributing the most to the increasing population. Chinas population density of 126 people per square kilometer is very high (Overpopulation). However we have to understand that China is not divided into equal parts; there arent the same number of people living in a particular area. Some regions consist of mountains, some have farms, and some are metropolitan cities. The mountainous area does not support much of the inhabitants of the country. However there is booming population in metropolitan cities (The Overpopulation Situation). .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce , .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce .postImageUrl , .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce , .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce:hover , .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce:visited , .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce:active { border:0!important; } .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce:active , .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u74c1cfff525c15ec5e13f1d878051bce:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Your Name Essay The stats basically show that China population is not proportionally distributed, some areas are have a high population density and some areas have a low population density. Now lets look at some of the interesting statistics about the countrys population .

Cognitive development

Introduction Understanding the peculiarities of the children’s perception and interpretation of facts, collecting information and acquiring knowledge is important for guiding them in their cognitive development. In 1920s the Swiss biologist Jean Piaget was the first theoretician who pointed at the differences between amount and structure of knowledge in children and adults. The purpose of this project is to examine Piaget’s concepts by applying them in practice, collecting and interpreting data from an empirical research.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cognitive development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Focusing on the peculiarities of the child’s knowledge and the processes of acquiring it, Piaget observed everyday actions of children and infants and offered them various problem-solving situations for examining the reasoning patterns they were using. Deriving numerous concepts a nd principles from his findings, the researcher concluded that children are active learners who constantly conduct experiments and manipulate the objects from the surrounding word for observing the results of their experiments. Children not only absorb knowledge, but also try to organize it for explaining new phenomena with available knowledge in future. â€Å"Children think in qualitatively different ways at different age levels† (McDevitt and Ormrod, 2010, p. 143). Linking cognitive development with children’s biological development, Piaget used the idea of a staircase for his theory of cognitive development, claiming that each step in physiological development represents the improved cognitive ability. Piaget’s model of cognitive development includes four main periods, including a sensorimotor (0-2 years), pre-operational (2-7 years), concrete operational (7-12 years) and formal operational (older than 12 years) stages (Oakley, 2004, p. 16). The empirical res earch would be valuable for evaluating Piaget’s main concepts and exploring the ways for implementing them in professional practice. Method A five-year-old Jessica and a thirteen-year-old Miranda gave their consent for participating in the study by signing the consent forms. A large discrepancy in the participants’ age enhances the effectiveness of the experiment, clearly representing the differences in their reasoning modes and corresponding differences in their cognitive development. Jessica and Miranda were offered to sort sixteen pictures of animals, including a tiger, a frog, a spider, a parrot, a whale, a snake, an octopus, a goldfish, a crocodile, a newt, a butterfly, a ladybird, a scorpion, a snail, an owl, and a shark, into different subgroups, explain what their reasoning for sorting the pictures in this or that way was and sort them again, using other principles.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both girls had enough time for thinking their decisions over and doing the assignment. The experiments were conducted in a comfortable atmosphere in a place free from distractions which allowed establishing interpersonal contact with both participants and enabled Jessica and Miranda to express their opinions freely. The level of the participants’ cognitive ability was taken into consideration for formulating their task and the questions for discussing the reasoning mode they have used for sorting the pictures. â€Å"As a learning expectation, each product needs to be clearly described in some detail so that there is no misunderstanding about what students are required to do† (Macmillan, 2011, p. 227). Still, the formulation of the assignment for Jessica was exempt of any hints as to how the animals could be sorted. During the discussion of their choices, the answers to the participants’ reasoning were neutral and did not express any attitude or opinion as to the way in which the assignment was done. The choice of methods, formulation of the task and the overall atmosphere of the experiment were favorable for retrieving reliable data on the differences in Jessica and Miranda’s cognitive ability and examining Piaget’s concepts. Results The results of the empirical research have demonstrated significant differences in quantity and quality of knowledge in Jessica and Miranda. Jessica used the criteria of personal attitude to the animals for sorting the pictures into two large subgroups. Thus, explaining her reasoning for classifying the objects, the girl admitted that the animals in the first subgroup she liked, while the animals in the second subgroup she disliked. It should be noted that Jessica’s personal negative attitude depended upon dangerousness of a certain animal (a snake, a shark, a crocodile, a scorpion) and its appearance (a butterfly is pleasant-looking, while a sn ail is not). When Jessica was asked if she can create new groups of the same animals, the girl was confused and answered that she could not do it.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cognitive development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Miranda, the second participant of the study first sorted the pictures into subgroups, labeling them as mammals, reptiles, fish, birds and insects. When the girl was offered to do the same assignment using other criteria for classification, she easily provided several variants for this problem-solving situation. Thus, Miranda suggested the possible subgroups of warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals, animals with body hair and without it, animals breathing with lungs and animals breathing with gills. In general, the girl has demonstrated not only her knowledge of peculiar features of representatives of the animal world, but also her ability to provide arguments for supportin g her position. Doing the same assignment of classifying the pictures with animals, Jessica and Miranda have shown the differences in their knowledge and reasoning modes for solving the same problem. Discussion The findings of this empirical research revealed a wide gap in cognitive abilities of five- and thirteen-year-old participants. Piaget’s concepts can become a theoretical basis for explaining the differences in Jessica and Miranda’s reasoning modes used for explaining the classification criteria. According to Piaget’s classification of various cognitive stages, a five-year-old Jessica is at the preoperational stage. Eggan (2010) noted that â€Å"In the preoperational stage, perception dominates children’s thinking† (p. 38). In other words, at the age between two and seven, children are expected to confuse physical and psychological events and give preference to their perception rather than logic for explaining their reasoning. It explains Je ssica’s choice of personal attitude as the main criteria for classification of the animals. Complying with Piaget’s expectations from cognitive abilities of children of her age, she concentrated on her personal perception and did not use the logics for doing the assignment. Other characteristics of this period include egocentrism, lack of conservation, single classification and transductive reasoning (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010, p. 148). In other words, at the age between two and seven, at the preoperational stage of their development, children may have certain fallacies in their reasoning. The lack of conservation can make these children believe that the volume of liquid can change if it is poured from one contained to another. The transdunctive reasoning implies involvement of irrelevant arguments into explanations.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analyzing the results of the experiment, it can be stated that doing the assignment, Jessica demonstrated particular cognitive features, namely dominance of perception over logics and single classification at a given period of time which are characteristic of the preoperational stage. Piaget’s concepts are applicable for explaining Jessica’s reasoning mode, choice of classification criteria and refusal of making another attempt to sort the pictures by implementing other criteria. As to the second participant of this study, a thirteen-year-old Miranda, she belongs to the subgroup of formal operations. Coon and Mitterer (2010) noted that â€Å"Full adult intellectual ability is attained during the stage of formal operations†¦but not everyone reaches this level of thinking† (p. 99). At this stage the thinking processes become integrated through acquisition and systematization of new knowledge. Adolescents do not concentrate on their personal perception, feelin gs and emotions for their reasoning and are able to operate abstract notions in their thinking processes. Understanding that other people may not share their views, they can distinguish between manifestation of facts and expression of their personal opinion. Adolescents recognize that they can be mistaken and often require confirmation of their ideas. â€Å"Reasoning logically, formulating and testing hypotheses, and separating and controlling variables – together allow adolescents to use a scientific method† (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010, p. 153). In general, thinking processes in most adolescents at the stage of formal operations are similar to those in adults though their cognitive abilities still depend upon their personal development. The assignment of sorting the pictures with animals might seem to be primitive to Miranda, but the sophisticated reasoning and criteria she used for classification of objects demonstrated the level of her cognitive development correspondin g to Piaget’ stage of formal operations. Offering different versions of sorting the animals, including those of their anatomic peculiarities, the girl used the system of her knowledge on Zoology and her ability to implement her knowledge in a new unfamiliar situation. The findings of this study have proven the applicability of Piaget’s concepts and cognitive development stages to the realities of modern teaching-learning process. The results which were achieved by Jessica and Miranda in doing the assignment of sorting the pictures with animals complied with Piaget’s expectations as to the cognitive abilities at the preoperational and formal operations stages. Limitations of the study Disregarding the fact that measures were imposed for avoiding any distraction in communicating with the participants of the study and enhancing the effectiveness of the experiment, this study has certain limitations, including the small sample for the experiment and the type of assi gnment. The level of the participant’s personal cognitive development which could be different in their peers is an influential factor which should be taken into consideration for evaluating the findings. The peculiarities of the assignment in their turn precondition specific responses in the participants, while another task could reveal other peculiarities or not reveal any at all. Implications Knowledge of peculiarities of children’s thinking processes is necessary for proper organization of educational environment. Understanding how children of different ages perceive, interpret and systematize new information, parents and educators would be able to select the most appropriate assignments for guiding children and adolescents in their cognitive development for improving their achievements. â€Å"The constructivist teacher, by offering appropriate tasks and opportunities for dialogue, guides the focus of students’ attention, thus unobtrusively directing their learning† (Clements, D. Battista, 1990, p. 35). Acknowledging the active participation of students in the learning process at different stages of their cognitive development would allow choosing the right direction for the teaching efforts. Conclusion The findings of this empirical study have proven the correspondence between Piaget’s concepts and the cognitive abilities at the preoperational and formal operations stages. Collecting data from the experiment and through a theoretical review of literature, this paper demonstrates the application of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development in practice. Reference List Clements, D. Battista (1990). Constructivist learning and teaching. Arithmetic Teacher, 38(1): 34-35. Coon, D. Mitterer, J. (2010). Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Eggan P. Kauchak D. (2010). Educational psychology: Windows on classrooms (8th. Ed.). International Edition. New Jersey: Pearson McDevitt, T., Ormrod, J. E. (2010). Child development and education. (4th ed.) New Jersey: Pearson McMillan, J. H. (2011). Classroom Assessment: Principles and practice for effective standards-based instruction (5th Ed.). Boston: Pearson Oakley, L. (2004). Cognitive development. New York, NY: Routledge. This research paper on Cognitive development was written and submitted by user Emery Yang to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Cognitive Development Table of Contents Introduction Cognitive development Psychosocial development Psychotherapies Conclusion References Introduction `Cognitive development refers to the growth in mental understanding, interpretation and perception of things and the world in general. It entails the growth of various intellectual activities including thinking, reasoning and attentiveness. It is noted that, many approaches on cognitive advancement concentrate on mental development, as opposed to, other cognitive development processes.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Cognitive Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cognitive development Competence assessment is one of the approaches given to cognitive development of middle childhood. Competence assessment entails how people understand and interpret different aspects of life (Elliot Dweck, 2005). It is noted that, children at middle age can always make a judgment on their soc ial and physical competence. This is indicated by a fellow who at his middle age could compare his strength with his other friend and determine the strongest. Considering the fact that perception changes with age increase, middle aged also have their different perceptions of life. Their perception is mostly influenced by the knowledge and skills they obtain in schools. Perception of these middle aged vary from one individual to another as noted by teacher’s evaluation of their performances. This was experienced by a student who was perceived to have known everything by his other fellows since he was excellent at class work. Perception is reflected on the student results with respect to teacher’s ratings. Middle aged children also tend to concentrate on one object and forget the others. Their attentions are easily influenced and they fully concentrate on entertaining object or event while ignoring others. Psychosocial development Psychosocial progression at middle child hood engages children ranging from five to twelve years. At this age, children develop admirable peer interactions and compete favorably among themselves. Their social world expands as they develop new friend and creating new relationships. An indication of pride is noted as they brag about their achievements and ability to perform different tasks uniquely (Cherry, 2010). For example, a fellow at his childhood believed that he was always right since he was brilliant at class work. A child develops a high self esteem after discovering his unique ability and skills. This can be observed in the manner they interact in their social life i.e. cheerful interaction with tremendous psychosocial engagement. On the other hand, children who doubt their aptitude tend to develop low self esteem characterized by gloomy mood and a discouraging psychosocial engagement. At middle childhood, children are extensively influenced by comments and opinions made by their parents, peers and teachers. The co mments directly manipulate a child’s confidence and certainty of his/her ability or skill. Encouraging remarks on children build confidence on a child’s ability and skills consequently improving their self esteem (Cherry, 2010).Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the contrary, negative and discouraging comments by teachers, peers and parents create doubt in a child’s ability or belief of being victorious. Such a child develops low self esteem and constantly maintaining a gloomy mood. This was noted to a fellow who used to approach examination believing that he was going to fail. This was because of frequent past failures that made his parents’ negative comment on his scores. Psychotherapies Varieties of psychotherapy treatment are offered to children to assist in modifying their character and uphold family understanding in the long run (AACAP, 2008) . Psychotherapy treatment helps in developing exceptional relationship between parent and children thereby strengthening their family bond. Some of the psychotherapy treatments include cognitive behavior therapy, psychodynamic therapy, family therapy, play therapy and group therapy. As a psychotherapy treatment, cognitive behavior therapy modifies a child’s behavior, mood and nervousness. It is done by investigating a child’s pattern of distorted thoughts. A specialist on cognitive behavior therapy educates a child on how their moods and behavior are influenced by their thoughts (AACAP, 2008). Subsequently, a child develops a skill of recognizing these hazardous thoughts. The specialist also helps the child to substitute these harmful thoughts with constructive and positive thoughts. It is renowned that cognitive therapy test has helped in treating various types of disorders anxiety being one of them. A friend’s confirmed of psychotherapeutic help in alleviating her selfish behavior of forcefully snatching other children’s food, toys and never shared his possessions with others. The next psychotherapy cure is play therapy, a treatment that entails the understanding of how children play with toys, drawings and dolls. At children’s play time, a therapist notes some of the feelings and expressions of a child and uses them to perform the therapy (AACAP, 2008). It is essential to note that observations are done on how a child plays with the toys for better understanding of the child’s problem. Afterwards, the therapist educates a child how to handle their problems and during play time. This was reflected by a fellow who used to smack his colleagues using toy but fortunately, a therapist rescued him from his intolerable behavior. Also, psychodynamic psychotherapy can be employed in correcting a child’s feelings and thoughts. It entails the recognition of the factors that influence a child’s feeling and thoughts . This helps the therapist to understand the reasons (inner struggles) as to why a child is behaving in a certain manner. Consequently, the child is subjected to different weekly session of psychoanalysis.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Cognitive Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Cognitive development applies to every individual and keeps on varying with an increase in age. Individuals experience changes in life perceptions, understanding and interpretations. However, some children perceive and understand life in a negatively thus making them portray unpleasant and discouraging behaviors. Fortunately, these obnoxious behaviors can be corrected by employing different psychotherapies that eventually improves a child’s perception and behavior. References American academy of child and adolescent psychiatry (AACAP). (2008). Psychotherapies for children and adolescents. Washington: Ameri can academy of child and adolescent psychiatry. Web. Cherry, K. (2010), Stages of psychosocial development. About.com: psychology. Web. Elliot, J. Dweck, S. (2005). Handbook of competence and motivation. New York: Guilford press. This report on Cognitive Development was written and submitted by user Danica Doyle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Cognitive Development

Impact of Globalization in Africa Essay Example

Impact of Globalization in Africa Essay Example Impact of Globalization in Africa Essay Impact of Globalization in Africa Essay Globalization is the planetary interconnection of economic activities. It is characterized by new engineerings. new constructions. new economic systems and new civilizations. All these are structured around planetary fiscal flows that are based of computing machine simulations and guesss. The ensuing planetary economic system is really disruptive due to non-linear feedbacks and it is easy influenced by political events and influential analysts’ projections. These is seen when there is instability in the stock markets in certain states like the United States of America. The instability affects all other stock markets in the universe. But is globalisation planetary? The planetary economic system sees some countries as priceless and politically irrelevant and frequently such countries are excluded from this planetary economic system. The thought of globalisation was conceived by taking capitalist states. planetary fiscal establishments ( World Bank. International Monetary fund ( IMF ) and World Trade Organization ( WTO ) ) and multinational co-operations. The heads behind this thought of globalisation thought that this was one manner of bettering the supports everybody in the Earth but as we shall see subsequently on. the theoretical accounts used to come up with globalisation had major cringle holes. Global information communications and new engineerings have played a large function easing globalisation. This is through the computing machines. Internet and nomadic phones. This has made concern minutess easy such that by the chink of a button. a batch of money circulates around the Earth. New inventions have resulted in increased productiveness and competition. These technological progresss have lowered the costs of conveyance and communicating. Computers have made it possible to manage big sums of informations in a short clip and information storage and retrieval has been made really easy. On a positive note. the new engineerings have in one manner or another helped in growing of economic sciences through sharing of thoughts. On the other manus. these progresss in engineering have led to homogenisation of civilizations. Globalization has increased the net incomes and productiveness of transnational corporations. With free trade regulations. some few people. the planetary elite has become richer and others who are the bulk have become poorer. The free trade regulations has enabled transnational companies invest their money in emerging economic systems and taking their money once they speculate that that economic system is non making good. This has wrecked the economic systems of many states. Another issue is that this large multinationals have swallowed the little companies taking to losingss of occupations. Capra. 2002. in his book hidden connections’ says that most of these multi national companies ever try to hedge revenue enhancements and benefit from subsidies. As a consequence. their merchandises are inexpensive and this outcompetes the local companies. which can ensue in more occupation losingss. But on the other manus. globalisation can go a whipping boy for failed national policies. Embezzlement and misdirection of public resources and corruptness profoundly rooted in some states should non be blamed on globalisation. In any instance. a authorities should be able to supply the demands of its people. Harmonizing to the 2002 study on the international forum on globalisation. the free trade regulations set by the World trade organisation consolidate power to a little corporate elite. Globalization has erased political and economic boundaries such that power has shifted from the people and communities to fiscal speculators. planetary corporations and taking capitalist states. As a consequence. currency markets have made authoritiess unable to command their economic policies because it is this markets that determine the values of national currency. Harmonizing to Capra 2002. big economic systems are able to absorb these turbulencies but for developing states. this is a large job. This fiscal crisis has led to developing states to seek for assistance and as a conseque nce. they have sunk to endless debts. It is of import to observe that assistance is fundamentally a tool for pull stringsing developing states. It is of import to observe that in globalisation. capital is planetary while labor is local. This means that the globalized capital has the economic power go forthing labor disintegrated. Labor itself can be divided into professionals and unskilled workers. Globalization seems to favor the professional labourers while the unskilled labourers can be fired anytime. This has led to societal inequality and polarisation. Many occupations presents are on contract footing and organizing labour organisations to dicker for better working conditions is non easy because of fright of fring occupations. Peoples working in transnational companies runing in their states fear bargaining for better footings of employment because they fear fring occupations as the company can travel to another state. As a consequence. people have to set up with hapless working conditions and rewards. Increased trade as a consequence of free trade by the World Trade organisation has led to increased pollution of the environments. Trade has besides resulted to debut of invasive foreigner species to new environments. From the ecological position. trade. which has increased in the recent yesteryear. is the major path in which invasive foreigner species are introduced to new environments. Harmonizing to the Convention for Biodiversity. invasive foreign species are the major causes for the loss of biodiversity. The environmental impacts are to a great extent felt in the states in the South. The free market thought by the World Trade Organization has resulted in changeless hunt for entree to natural resources. and this has led to so much force per unit area on the Earth’s limited natural resources. Another spot is the devastation of the environment. which has led to inundations. drouths and other calamities. Increased transportation has lead to pollution of waterways. Globalization has besides favored monoculture to heighten a nation’s fight in the planetary market. This has put more force per unit area on the limited natural resources and usage of chemicals to heighten production. which farther exacerbates the job of pollution. Globalization has besides penetrated into power and political relations. Most of these transnational companies and anteroom groups usually finance political campaigners in states of involvement so that if the individual gets into power. he/ she may make favourable conditions for their activities. So in a manner. these companies and anteroom groups control a country’s economic system. Rise of globalized condemnable packs is another job that stems out of globalisation. Boosted by easy communicating webs. felons have found it easy to carry on their concerns. Recently. a drug trust affecting Mexicans. Kenyans and the Dutch was uncovered and this is a authoritative illustration of condemnable packs runing on a planetary graduated table. WAY OUT. With Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) imperativeness release of 2010 gauging that 925 million around the Earth are undernourished. something must be incorrect someplace. As already noted. globalisation is to fault societal inequalities which can be seen from the widening spread between the rich and the hapless. Borrowing from rubric of the first one-year World Social Forum held in Porto Alegre in Brazil. another universe is possible. First. alteration should first get down with the governing elite. With the aid of international nongovernmental organisations there should be a power transmutation from the planetary elite to the human society. These planetary elites together with World Bank. IMF and World Trade Organization should be more crystalline in decision-making. In is besides really of import to include assorted non-governmental organisations stand foring involvements of societal justness. human rights environmental involvements and democracy in the decisionmaking processes. Most of the states affected by globalisation are developing states and most of these states have really immense debts. It seems impossible for these developing states to set tight regulations on international organisations in order to protect the local companies. But with the aid on anteroom groups. it is possible for authorities to take subsidies and freedoms offered to these transnational corporations. These transnational corporations should besides be held responsible for any error like devastation of the environment. Cancellation of debts will assist developing states grow economically but these states excessively should hold leaders who are accountable to the citizens. On that note. corruptness and lobbying should be dealt with at every degree. This is to guarantee just competition of concern trades. It is of import to authorise workers so that they can dicker for better working conditions. National authoritiess can besides protect their people by specifying working conditions to investors puting up endeavors in the state. Finally. it is of import we pattern ecological sustainability. Proper waste disposal. usage of alternate fuel beginnings ( scientifically proven to be sustainable ) . efficient and ecofriendly engineerings. sustainable agriculture patterns and rigorous environmental patterns are some of the ways of doing the universe sustainable. The most of import portion of sustainability is educating everybody on the importance of conserving the environment so it’s of import to take environmental motions deep down to the grass roots. Remember. it starts with me and you and the future coevalss will be thanking all of us. Mentions A better universe is possible: Options to Economic globalisation Report sum-up 2002 International forum on Globalization. Capra fritjof. 2002. The concealed connexions Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations: Economic and Social Development study. September 2010 hypertext transfer protocol: //anticap. wordpress. com/2011/03/14/what-globalization-paradox/ ( Website I downloaded the cover image ) .

Argument paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Argument paper - Essay Example Department of Transportation in educating the youth about the risks of this practice. The government may not know that a centralized-decentralized approach is effective in changing how people use their cell phones while driving. Furthermore, I think my youth audience almost certainly knows that texting is distracting and even deadly, but they think they can still do it without harming themselves and others. They need to fully be aware of the effects of texting to driving and to know their responsibility in spreading awareness in their communities. Audience-writer relationship I am part of the youth, so I know that texting is an addictive task because social networking and â€Å"being on† 24/7 is an addictive social norm, but I am different from texting drivers because I can turn off my cell phones while driving and not feel anxious about it. My primary audience does not know me, so I need to establish a credible persona by projecting myself as a responsible student who wants t o stop more deaths because texting while driving, and I can do this by describing the authority of my sources and establishing the connection between my claims and these reputable sources. For my secondary audiences, I also need to project a persona that I know the topic because of research and that they should trust because I am one of them and I want to promote their interests. The Weapon of Social Media against Texting-while-Driving Behaviors It is a social addiction that has become the number one teenage killer in the United States. No, it is not drinking and driving but the act of texting while driving. The Cohen research estimated that more than 3,000 teenage drivers died because of texting, while 300,000 were injured, compared to 2,700 teenagers who died from â€Å"drunk driving† (Ricks, 2013). Legislators have responded to this problem by banning texting for drivers in 39 states, but this is not enough. Aside from banning texting while driving, another important actio n that can effectively curb this harmful practice is through conducting a nationwide awareness-raising campaign that educates the youth about the effects of texting on drivers and creates a social network where stakeholders can share tips on how to stop the addictive practice of texting. The youth should know more about the negative effects of texting on their driving abilities and share their opinions with others on how to stop it because these actions can truly change their driving attitudes and behaviors in the long run. The government should stimulate and support a nationwide social media campaign that informs the youth about the negative effects of texting while driving and encourages their participation in changing mindsets and behaviors about this pernicious activity. The government must collaborate with the media, schools, and communities in educating students about the effects of texting on driving through a nationwide marketing campaign. Banning texting for drivers is not enough because it cannot, on its own, effectively change driving behavior. Delthia Ricks (2003), a correspondent for Newsday, reported that according to one study, texting bans are ineffective in directly decreasing vehicular accidents because many people continued to text and drive despite these bans. Dr. Andrew Adesman

Read intructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Read intructions - Essay Example Racial slurs can actually become a source of empowering the victimized individuals and groups. They can learn to value their individuality and their peculiar characteristics that differentiate them from others. By valuing their culture and norms, they can perhaps make others see that they might be different and unique, but in no way inferior or outcasts. It is therefore important to understand that it is up to the person who hears the word to make out positive or negative connotations. Optimism always helps- especially if one is surrounded by difficulties and hatred. It is not until a person realizes that his/her survival is at stake, when he/she decides either to face it or to give up. Those who face it are empowered by racial slurs, while those who give up get internally racist. Self examination and education have been the main factors of changing the mindset of the Black and Chink communities, which in turn changed the mentality of the oppressive communities. Education has changed the life style and the social status of the Blacks and Chinks. The contemporary society of US has to a great extent accepted the abilities of such communities who were victims of racism who have struggled to make a respectable place in the educational institutions, white collar professions and the main stream work force. Hence, they are accepted in the educational institutions and in all white collar professions, and respected for their hard work and courage to stand up to the racist slurs barked at them. This was however, not the case a few decades ago, when the oppressed communities had limited scope and horizon to take part as respectable or equal human beings in the betterment of the society. A Black US president demonstrates the evolution of the thinking pattern of the American people. It is one example how the oppressed communities derived strength from the

A War On Women And Drugs Criminology Essay

A War On Women And Drugs Criminology Essay In 1986 Congress passed mandatory minimum sentencing. Federal mandatory drug sentences take the decision away from the judge and gives sentences based on: 1. The type of drug; 2. The weight or alleged weight of the drug mixture and 3. The number of prior convictions. The rise of women in prison seems to be correlated with US drug laws and policies. Many researchers argue that the war on drugs has directly become a war on women. In 1999, the Bureau of Justice Statistics documented that 1 in 3 women were likely serving time for a drug offense in comparison to 1 in 8 women in 1986. Three reasons often determine the involvement of women in the criminal justice system, the first would be a history of abuse, the second issue is disrupted family and personal relationships and finally the third is drug abuse. Women that end up in prison have usually been abused and/or battered, are economically disadvantaged, have abused drugs, and/or are minorities. Due to the circumstances just mentioned a nd stricter policies and laws regarding drugs the outcome is a drastic rise in the incarceration of women. If women are seen as victims of circumstance then they are basically adapting to the conditions of their lives and struggling to survive. The status of women in prison reflects their status in society; they are marginalized by racism and sexism. Women in prison have been damaged by the oppression of patriarchy, economic marginalization and the far-reaching effects of such short sighted and detrimental policies as the war on drugs and the over reliance on incarceration, (Owen, 2000). Female Offenders Women have become the new offender in the criminal justice system. Through the years the amount of women incarcerated has greatly risen. In 2000, there were more than 1 million women in the United States in prison, probation or parole, whereas in 1990 there were 600,000 in the same situation. The rise in the incarceration of women can be greatly attributed to US policies and laws on drugs and drug related crimes. Women are usually minimally involved in drug crimes but are severely punished due to the mandatory minimum laws in place. The war on drugs does not have laws laid out specifically for men and women, the laws are universal and apply equally to both men and women. Drug laws were originally designed for the male criminal and did not take into account the special circumstances in womens lives. These women that are being punished under the mandatory minimum drug laws are the wives, mothers, daughters, sisters, nieces, granddaughters and girlfriends of many law abiding citizens in society. These women become involved in drug crimes because of their dependence to their significant other, whether it is financially, because of fear or other extenuating circumstance. Women who become victims of mandatory minimum laws are incarcerated and subject to patriarchal sentences because the men in their lives coerced, obliged or scammed them into carrying drugs. Women in jails and prisons are often oppressed and even victimized. There are many race and gender inequalities in the criminal justice system when it comes to addressing women and their needs. Women offenders are more likely to be incarcerated now than they were at any other time in the history of the United States. The legal system has become more willing to prosecute and incarcerate women than at any other time in the history of the United States. Mandatory minimum sentencing policies for drug related offenses have increased the number of women incarcerated. According to the Sentencing Project, between 1986 and 1991 the population in state prisons for drug offenses increased by 828 percent for African-American woman, 328 percent for Latinas, and 241 percent for white women (Mauer Huling, 1995). Guilt by Association Drug laws now in place punish not only the individuals who sell the drugs, but also people who assist the drug dealer as well as people who merely know the drug dealer. Women are apprehended at higher rates in reference to the war on drugs. In many circumstances women are arrested and sentenced merely for remaining with a significant other who is involved in the drug trade industry. Women are more vulnerable than men for prosecution based on their associations rather than on their behavior. Women who are involved in the drug trade are often nominally involved and often only participate in the drug trade in order to be able to financially support their own drug habit. Some women are bullied into the drug trade because of abuse or due to financial instability. These mandatory minimum sentences are perhaps a good example of the law of unintended consequences. There is a respectable body of opinion which believes that these mandatory minimums impose unduly harsh punishment for firs-time offenders particularly for mules who played only a minor role in a drug distribution scheme. Be that as it may, the mandatory minimums have also led to an inordinate increase in the federal prison population and will require huge expenditures to build new prison spaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, U.S. Supreme Court Mandatory minimum sentences remove the discretion of the judge, therefore not allowing a judge to take into account mitigating circumstances that could reduce the harshness of the sentence. Mandatory minimum sentences require that low level offenders receive the required sentence required by statutes. Women can rarely assist in providing prosecutors with information that could assist in lessening their punishment because they are often mules, transporters and low level offenders and do no have access to valuable information needed by the prosecution. Also, many times women choose not to provide what little information they do have because of the safety of their family and children. Due to the mandatory minimum laws and the amount of information that women are able to provide they are often subject to harsher punishments than their male counterparts, who are often kingpins. Women who are sent to jail are often the primary caregivers for their children and other family members. Children depend on their mothers and when they become incarcerated the children are left improperly attended or in unstable temporary arrangements. Due to a mothers preoccupation with her children, women often wish to speed up their case by entering a plea of guilt in order to receive a lesser charge and stay out of prison or reduce her sentence. Mandatory Minimum Laws and Their Effect on Women Prisons are filled with violence therefore entrapping women in a world of cruelty and abuse that does not succeed in addressing the needs of women, such as their psychological, medical or economic needs. The dynamics that were just referenced are what originally contribute to a womans involvement in the criminal justice system; these dynamics are what originally created womens involvement with drugs. When a woman enters prison she is often times abused and revictimized therefore further damaging a woman. In prison women are often physically or sexually abused. When a woman is in prison she is unable to receive proper medical treatment. Research has noted that women in prison are subjected to physical, sexual, verbal and emotional abuse by guards and other inmates. Amnesty Internationals 1999 report, Not Part of My Sentence Violations of the Human Rights of Women in Custody, indicates that males staff, under the guise of correctional supervision, frequently watch women as they shower, use the bathroom, and dress and undress in their cells. Women are often sexually extorted while in prison for basic everyday necessities such as toothbrushes, soap, etc. A woman who is abused in prison suffers many consequences especially if she was abused in the past or suffers from any mental illness including but not limited to depression, bipolar disorder or if she is recovering from a drug addiction. Just like any woman who is abused, a woman who is abused in prison is left with severe imbedded psychological scars. Often women who are abused in prison are more severely scared than other women, some of the psychological scars that women who are abused in prison are left with are Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Rape Trauma Syndrome, prevalent fears, nightmares and flashbacks, these scars can lead to hatred towards self, anxiety, depression, suicide and substance abuse. Women who are sexually assaulted while in prison are subject to sexually transmitted diseases and/or pregnancy which they might not get medical treatment or prenatal care for. Both male and female prisons provide poor healthcare for its inmates. Women have higher rates of medical issues than men. Women in prison receive poor medical treatment and do not receive needed medications for medical conditions such as heart conditions, depression, other mental health diseases, asthma and other medical conditions. Women often have to receive permission from guards to seek medical attention. Prisons do not have a full medical staff thus contributing to the lack of medical treatment available to women. Women who enter the prison system on drug charges are often diagnosed with depression as well as drug addiction. Some of these women are also diagnosed with bipolar, schizophrenia and other mental health conditions which are not properly treated in prison. Prisons are not equipped to properly care for womens mental health conditions and do not have the funds to provide needed counseling services. Women that are prescribed psychotropic drugs are often not given the medications correctly and instead they are given the medications as sedatives. Incarcerated women that are separated from their children suffer a great deal of trauma, these women often become depressed. Women whose mental health conditions are exacerbated due to incarceration and have a past history of drug abuse may turn to drug use while in prison in order to ease the emotional pain. Children Affected Many of the women in todays prison system have minor children. From 1991 through 1999, 98 percent of children in the United States had a mother who was imprisoned, (Bureau of Justice Statistics). It is estimated that most women in prison have two children and prior to incarceration the children resided with their mother. When women are sent to prison, children are often placed with other family members or in foster care. In terms of the War on Drugs, children are removed from the mother due to incarceration or because of a mothers addiction. If a woman is sent to a residential treatment program rather than to prison she is still separated from her children. Some residential drug treatment programs do not allow children to visit and some have age restrictions. Although each child will react uniquely to extended separation from his or her mother, researchers report that when a mother and child are separated due to incarceration, the child often grieves as if the mother has died, experi encing a grief that is unique to children with incarcerated parents, (Bloom Steinhardt, 1993). Children with an incarcerated mother tend to suffer from fear, anxiety, grief and sadness and later in life these symptoms can lead to withdrawal as well as verbal or physical aggression. Many of the children whose mothers are in prison are sent to foster homes where they have an increased likelihood of being physically, sexually and emotionally abused. When a mother is incarcerated her day to day interactions with her children are altered and significantly changed. Correctional facilities do not aid women in having relationships with their children and often due to the distance of the prison it is often times impossible for children to visit their mothers. Visiting a parent in prison is very difficult for children and visiting a mother in prison can be emotionally detrimental to children. Telephone calls from mothers to children while in prison can be very costly thus reducing the likelihood that a child will be able to speak to the parent via telephone. Few prisons offer family reunification programs for children. Incarcerated mothers and their children are not provided with counseling, parenting classes, skills training, overnight programs for mothers and children and other essential services, therefore hindering the relationship between a mother and her children. Establishing these programs in prisons would give women the opportunity to fulfill their roles as mothers and learn how to properly care for and raise their children. As more women are incarcerated due to Drug Laws the fate of children lies in the hands of the welfare system. The child welfare system is not equipped to deal with the rising number of children left without a mother due to the increasing amount of women incarcerated because of mandatory minimum laws. Mothers convicted of drug crimes are dually punished, they are punished by the judicial system and they are also punished by the welfare system who removes their children from their care and custody. The Outcome of the War on Drugs Minimum mandatory drug laws are destroying the lives of women. These laws are destroying families and childrens lives. Harsh punishment does not address the issues causing women to use drugs, to become addicted to drugs, to sell drugs, or to remain in abusive relationships with drug dealers. Many of the women arrested for drug charges are black women or poor women. Many of the drug related crimes that women are arrested for could be dealt with outside of the judicial system. The judicial system does not address the reasons why a woman becomes involved with drugs or why she risks her family in doing such. Drug dependant women should be treated rather than incarcerated. Incarcerating a woman who is dependant on drugs increases her chances of relapsing thus at the same time increasing the likelihood for mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. Women that become involved in the drug trade industry because of coercion or abuse are punished for not turning in their partner, the individual who is physically or emotionally abusing them. The judicial system does not address the needs of children who lose their mothers to prison nor does it assist women in building a relationship with their children. A womans incarceration can lead to permanent loss of her children and can prevent her from getting any government assistance upon her release. Instead of incarcerating women because of the mandatory minimum drug laws, we should provide them with the necessary tools they need to assist them. Within a womans community there are many resources that can aid her in leaving an abusive relationship. A community also has resources to assist women in with drug dependency issues. Women need to be empowered to become successful and productive members of society. These women rather than being punished need to be provided with opportunities to better their lives and with the proper tools to be better parents. Conclusion As a society rather than investing money in prisons, we need to invest money in community resources that will assist women with drug treatment and resolving the underlying reasons that led them to drug dependence. Women involved in drug crimes because of abusive relationships need to be provided with the appropriate resources to assist them in leaving that relationship and achieving financial independence as well as emotional stability. Women need to be provided with the skills and training necessary to live productive lives in society. Rather than dealing with women in the criminal justice system as a nation we need to provide alternative resources. We have an obligation to save these women for themselves and their children. The underlying causes for womens involvement in drug crimes need to be addressed. Women need to be provided with services for drug addiction, health issues, mental health issues and abuse. Rather than placing women in prisons that were designed for men for committing a crime that they were forced into through coercion or abuse, we should place them in treatment programs designed to meet with their unique needs. Treatment programs designed for women should incorporate mothers and their children allowing for mothers to receive necessary counseling and parenting classes while actively caring for their children. Mandatory minimum laws need to be reevaluated. Women need to be punished for their part in the drug crime, not for the overall crime that they did not play part in. A woman should not be punished because of association; a woman should be punished and held accountable for her actions. A judge should be allowed to ultimately decide a womans punishment and her involvement in the drug offense being charged. Women that must be incarcerated because of their role in a drug crime should be granted the opportunity to visit with their children. Children should not be punished; they are not the ones who committed the offense. To elaborate, a woman with repeated drug charges should not be allowed reunification with her children because after the first or second charge it should be noted that this woman does not wish to learn from her original mistake. Women who are punished under mandatory minimum laws unfairly should be granted ample opportunity for reunification with their children. There is no reason to why women need to be punished for drug crimes that they did not willingly participate in. Mandatory minimum laws were designed for kingpins and drug traffickers but obviously it is not serving its purpose. The people being affected most by these mandatory minimum laws are the people with the least involvement in the crime. Mandatory minimum laws need to be reevaluated and applied accordingly. The ultimate decision on punishment should be taken away from the prosecution and should lie solely in the hands of the judge.

Yellow Ribbon Project

PR Assignment 1 Background Sheet: Generating Yellow Ribbon Project Campaign Awareness 1. About the Organization: Singapore Prison Services Singapore Prison Services (SPS) is a division of the Singapore Police Force that concentrates on the care and rehabilitation of prisoners who have committed social or criminal offences. The organization does not merely concentrate on housing and providing guidance for inmates while they are in remand, it is also dedicated to ensure that no repeat offences ensue. Thus, a major portion of their efforts also concentrate on providing inmates with basic employment skills in hopes of preventing past criminal behaviour from surfacing upon their release into society. This indicates that the SPS provides preventive and after-care measures to maintain former prison inmates compliance with the law as much as possible. (Source: http://www. prisons. gov. sg/about_us. html) 2. About the PR Situation In 2005, SPS services realized that former inmates released into society faced social stigma in the form of negative public opinions of being ex-offenders and are often denied employment or rejected by society. Such public opinions are harmful and repressive. Seitel (1998, pp50) describes Public Opinion as the aggregate of many individual opinions on a particular issue that affects a group of people by forming consensus or popular attitudes and thoughts. The role of the PR practitioner then is to positively influence an individual’s attitude. As seen in the above definition, public opinions represent popular thoughts that can prove an inmate’s re-integration into society a daunting task. Without the means of finding acceptance or a proper means of living, many relapse back into a life of crime, a paradox that can be resolved through a public relations campaign that aims to educate and seek acceptance. As such, the Yellow Ribbon Project as a public relations campaign in a long-term program that sought to change public perceptions of ex-offenders was launched in order to deliver a second chance. In this situation, the SPS has been providing culinary training to a group of inmates in conjunction with Raffles Hotel (Singapore) that has culminated in a cooking competition. A renowned chef has been at helm in training them and he has marvelled at their ability to pick up skills in a short time. The newsworthiness of this initiative begins with prison inmates partaking in a grand cooking competition not unlike the Iron Chef series. Thus, a Media release highlighting the background of the cooking competition and a feature article in the form of a personality profile written by an SPS Public Relations Executive will be provided for the purposes of fulfilling this assignment. 3. Reasons for Using PR Communication: 3. 1 Media Release: It is deemed that to generate positive publicity and awareness of the ‘bizarre’ cooking competition in conjunction with this year’s Yellow Ribbon Project (YRP), a media release will be sent to newspaper editors in Singapore in hope that the story will be printed and generate interest and positive awareness. A media release has been described by Seitel (1998, pp175) as a document of record to state an organization’s official position or to influence a publication to write favourably about the material discussed and stimulate editors to cover a story. As readers tend to perceive news articles with more credibility, it is hoped that the use of a media release information transformed into a news article will fulfil the communicative objectives of the YRP better in terms of reach and credibility than using an advertisement or provision of information on the organization’s website. 3. Feature Article-Personality Profile: For the second communication tool, a personality profile of a former prison inmate who has found moderate success as a food hawker will be written by an SPS Public Affairs executive and published in a local Singapore Newspaper, The Straits Times special edition that covers the YRP in October. In addition, the personality profile will also be posted on the SPS we bsite for maximum coverage. A feature article has been described by Seitel (1998, pp203) as articles found in magazines or newspapers that are the opposite of hard news items, often light, humorous or enlightening. In this scenario, the feature article is utilized to disseminate less newsworthy (there is less news-worth in a story about a former convict turned cook) information in more subtle ways to break misconceptions that ex-offenders, like leopards, never change spots. The feature article is thus useful when less important information needs to be conveyed to the publics of a PR campaign that nevertheless, represents a supporting communication device in meeting campaign objectives. References: Seitel, FP, 1998, The Practice of Public Relations, 7th edn, Prentice-Hall, NY, USA. FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE (LOGO) INMATES SHOWCASE CULINARY TALENT AT FIRST-EVER YELLOW RIBBON COOKING COMPETITION Singapore, September 9, 2010 – Twelve inmates pit their culinary skills against one another in the Yellow Ribbon Cooking Competition held in Changi Prison Cluster A today. This milestone activity is the first in a series of Yellow Ribbon Project activities in 2007, organised by the Community Action for the Rehabilitation of Ex-Offenders (CARE) Network. The cooking competition was jointly organised by Raffles Hotel. Chef de Cuisine Jean-Charles Dubois from the hotel’s French fine-dining restaurant Raffles Grill was one of the judges at today’s finals and was also heavily involved in preparing the inmates for the competition. This cooking competition simulates the kitchen environment and challenges faced by professional chefs. Participants were required to produce an original Western-style dish within a strict three-hour limit using predetermined ingredients and equipment. The participants showed promise and a genuine eagerness to learn, and this experience has been rewarding as I have been able to see the improvements they have been able to make,† said Chef Dubois. To prepare participants for the competition, Chef Dubois visited the institutions five times and provided video instruction to introduce the ingredients and cooking methods to the inmates. â€Å"The participation of inmates in this competition further reaffirms their determination to contribute to their families and society. We’re proud to have our inmates’ creation featured at the prestigious Raffles Hotel. Chef Dubois’ contribution to our inmates also shows that the community is willing to take the lead in helping inmates in their rehabilitation and reintegration,† said Mr. Desmond Chin, Chairman, Yellow Ribbon Project Organising Committee. Winning recipes will also be recreated at a special reunion lunch, A Tribute of Love, to be held in three days’ time for winners and their family members. Raffles Hotel will also feature the best dish on a Raffles menu, making it available to her patrons and guests. *ENDS* About Yellow Ribbon Project The Yellow Ribbon Project is a nation-wide campaign to raise the awareness of Singaporeans about the need of inmates, ex-offenders and their families for societal acceptance. For more information, please contact: Jale Byrd, Executive Public Affairs Branch, Singapore Prison Service Telephone: 6565-6565 Email: [email  protected] gov. sg From The Fire Into The Frying Pan By Jale Byrd The bang and clatter you hear when you step into the hawker centre at Ang Mo Kio Avenue 10 is undeniably a dragon’s roar. Rueburn Liang’s Chia Song Fried Kway Teow stall, which he has operated for the past 13 years, is synonymous with good food. It is also the most prolific stall at the busy food centre. The setup comes complete with a portable television and loud speakers that broadcast the latest soccer and professional wrestling matches. â€Å"Frying a good plate of Char Kway Teow is an art. I bang loudly on the edge of my wok to attract customers to my stall. The TV keeps them entertained,† booms Rueburn, as he gesticulates with his charred spatula. Loud, vociferous and a former Ang Soon Tong (a Secret Society in Singapore) enforcer, you will be inclined to agree. Rueburn is a karate expert plastered with tattoos of flaming dragons over his massive frame, which are made conspicuous with his well-greased white singlet. The missing last finger on his right hand makes the man’s dark, pockmarked face even more intimidating. But lest you get alarmed, Rueburn’s lashings are taken out on his trusty wok, where he conjures mouth-watering plates of delicious, spicy and sinful Char Kway Teow. â€Å"I had to chop off my last finger as a ‘settlement’ for leaving the society in 1987, and a $800 Ang Pow (a red packet containing money, is seen as an auspicious sign by the Chinese),† he reveals without a hint of regret. Otherwise, ‘they’ will never leave me alone. Now, those days are over. Luckily, some of those people respect me, never really give me trouble. † (A secret society member has to sever a finger to maintain his code of honour and pay an ‘exit fee’ to leave the underground organizati on without fear of repercussions) With all his dubious activities, an inevitable brush with the law saw Rueburn put behind bars for nine months. Rueburn broke the arm, skull and penis of a credit defaulter in a savage fight. The bone-breaking experience threw him into the ‘fire’ of Queenstown gaol, a humbling experience for the former gangster. I really got burnt by the prison ‘fire’. We were made to kneel and live in a mini-hell. Sipeh Chor leh (Really Tough) Outside, I was a ‘terror’, but the others were hardened criminals and I seemed like a sissy compared to them. I didn’t want to spend my life strolling in and out of jail. Sio jit pai kow liow! (Getting burnt once was enough) I decided it was good for me to leave the society and turn to a decent living. I was right,† says Rueburn with hindsight. (The criminal slang for serving time in prison is ‘tio her sio’ or getting burnt by fire) Rueburn, who only completed pr imary education, was at a loss. The only decent job he was good at was cooking. His vocation as a military cook in the Singapore Armed Forces during his national service in 1983 cemented his culinary passion and served him in good stead. At the encouragement of his then girlfriend Fion (now Mrs Liang) and some savings, he successfully bid for a hawker stall and set up Chia Song in 1988. However, he learnt to perfect his Kway Teow frying skills only much later. â€Å"Not easy to fry a good plate. True, it looks easy but I had to experiment many times before I was satisfied†¦now, I think I am getting there,† Rueburn says modestly. Getting there? It’s very good already! One of the best in Singapore! † quips Elson Boey, a retired civil servant. â€Å"There is always a long queue during lunch time. I think his secret is in the intensity of his fire. † Hard work as it seems, Chia Song is a labour of love. The couple dedicates 12 hours a day amidst unforgiving flames to create a uniquely Si ngaporean masterpiece. â€Å"The fire must always be strong and the leow (ingredients) must be fresh! Timing is also very important, as you do not want to overcook the dish. Bah You (pork lard) must be used liberally, as it gives that special taste. You only live once ah, so live it good! No need to be so healthy one. † Indeed, words of culinary and hedonistic wisdom. It is lunchtime and an almost scandalous crowd forms. A haze of smoke clouds the sizzling sound of stir-fried garlic as they simmer in a pool of aromatic lard. Chee Seng furiously stirs in his noodles and kway teow into a heated wok smoldering under a furious fire. Within moments, arrays of delicious condiments are thrown into the fray, soaking in the thick flavour. When the rich smell of caramelized sweet sauce wafts under your nostrils, Rueburn has served another satisfied customer. A stolen glance around the hawker centre reveals an assortment of harried but happy workers haphazardly sliding tantilising morsels of Fried Kway Teow down their throats. Echoing Elson’s sentiments is Rachel Tua Kang, an auditor who works nearby. â€Å"Simply fantabulous! My diets never take off, this temptation is too much! † When told, Rueburn Liang brushes off his accolades as if they were burnt garlic bits on his flaming wok, his reddened face warms up into a big grin as he takes another drag of his Marlboro cigarettes. Ying siu nia,† (they are just entertaining me) he jokingly retorts. It is closing time for the busy hawker and he takes a well-earned respite from the day’s backbreaking battle with his wok and emerges at the end of the day with a rosy complexion, no doubt made pink by the tremendous temperatures he has to endure. As Mrs. Liang cleans up the slobber knocker of a hawker stall, Rueburn takes delight in a leisurely smoke. Rightfully, he see ks solace in his daily bottle of bitter-cold ABC stout. Gleefully, he chugs down a glass of the icy brew. Ha ha, these days I only fight with my wok. My life could have turned out much worse! There is no fear of getting burnt now. † As he breaks into another cheerful smile, he bursts into a self-indulgent laughter, as if to remind himself of his good fortune. It is lunchtime again, and Rueburn busies himself over a brilliant hot wok. You might think a fire-breathing dragon was fueling the fire, as the flames turn to a ferocious blue fireball. However, the dragon is above the stove, controlling the fire. He has made the transaction of jumping from the fire into the frying pan.